House sparrows are very social birds and often gather in flocks. They also prefer to nest close together. Image © Mike Pennington via geographopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0opens in a new window
A noisy, gregarious bird, the house sparrow is a regular in towns and gardens, taking advantage of our scraps and crumbs. The house sparrow is so successful that it has managed to colonise most of the world.
Explore facts about this cheerful opportunist.
A male and female house sparrow (Passer domesticus) bathing. Image via piqselsopens in a new window, licensed under CC0 1.0opens in a new window
The house sparrow is slightly larger and chunkier than other sparrows, with a shorter tail and a more rounded head. The female is usually slightly smaller than the male.
Their beaks are quite short and chunky - a multi-purpose tool suited to a varied diet.
Male and female house sparrows have different colouring. Here, the male is on the left. Females have plainer plumage. So do juveniles. Image © Walter Baxter via geographopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0opens in a new window
Males have a grey cap, a streaky brown back and chestnut wings with white wingbars. The birds' undersides are grey with a black bib. The size of the bib varies with age. It has long been thought to indicate social status, but recent research has put this in doubt.
In contrast, females and juveniles have brown plumage all over, although their undersides are a paler buff colour.
Male house sparrows have a black bib and the top of their head is grey. Image via Pixabayopens in a new window, public domain
Tree sparrows - the UK's only other sparrow species - look similar to male house sparrows. They can be distinguished by the presence of a black spot on each cheek and the fact that the top of their head is brown rather than grey.
Male and female tree sparrows both look similar to male house sparrows, but with black cheek spots and brown crowns. Image via PickPikopens in a new window, public domain
The house sparrow's varied diet mainly consists of seeds, grains, nuts and scraps. It often visits bird feeders in gardens.
Insects and other invertebrates are an important part of a house sparrow chick's diet.
A female house sparrow feeding a caterpillar to her chick. Image © Alan Vernon via Flickropens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0opens in a new window
House sparrows are native to most of Europe, Asia and parts of north Africa. These birds have also colonised most of the world, including the Americas, Australia and New Zealand. They have the biggest range of any wild bird.
In the UK, house sparrows are widely distributed throughout rural and urban areas, apart from in the Scottish Highlands and some other upland areas.
Nearly two-thirds are associated with cities, towns and villages.
House sparrows are widely distributed across most of the UK. This one was photographed on the Isles of Scilly in Cornwall. Image © Richard Croft via geographopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0opens in a new window
In urban areas, house sparrows can often be seen opportunistically feeding on scraps and rubbish, as well as visiting bird tables and feeders. In rural areas, flocks feed on fields of grain, using their chunky beaks to crack open seeds.
House sparrows eat a range of foods and often visit garden bird feeders containing seeds, like this pair. Image via pxfuelopens in a new window, licensed under CC0 1.0opens in a new window
Although house sparrows are still considered commonplace, recent monitoring indicates that they are disappearing from our cities. Estimates suggest that in London this decline could be as much as 71% since 1995.
House sparrows typically raise two or three broods a year, sometimes four. Although nesting has been observed all year round, the main season is from April to August.
House sparrows nest in loose colonies - in dense bushes, hedges and creepers, as well as in nest boxes and crevices in buildings.
Nests are built from dry grass or straw and lined with feathers, hair, string and paper. They are sometimes as little as 20 to 30 centimetres apart.
A female house sparrow gathering dry grass for her nest. Image © John Haslam via Wikimedia Commonsopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY 2.0opens in a new window
Female house sparrows typically lay two to five eggs, but as many as seven have been recorded in a single clutch.
Both parents incubate the eggs, which hatch after 11 to 14 days. They also share nesting duties equally and 14 to 16 days after hatching, the chicks fledge. For the next week the chicks are unable to feed themselves, so the male will continue to care for them whilst the female prepares for the next brood.
A male house sparrow with a fledgling. Image © Dariusz33 via Wikimedia Commonsopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0opens in a new window
House sparrows are a sedentary species, rarely travelling more than two kilometres from where they hatched and usually more like 300 metres.
House sparrows are happy to feed and breed near people, so are easy to observe. Listen out for their cheeps as well.
House sparrows sometimes move into old house martin nests under the eaves of a building, like this male has done. Image © Andrew Gray via Wikimedia Commonsopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0opens in a new window
House sparrows are sociable birds so you will often see several together as a noisy flock in trees in parks, gardens and even in town centres.
If you drop small amounts of bird seed or crumbs on the ground near a flock, they will quickly come down to grab a morsel. Or you could put out a simple bird feeder made from a bottle. It won't be long before a house sparrow visits.
House sparrows looking for crumbs. Image via pxfuelopens in a new window, licensed under CC0 1.0opens in a new window
Data suggests the UK's house sparrow population declined by 66% between 1977 and 2015, with urban populations faring worse than rural ones.
The reduction in rural areas appears to be linked to changes in agricultural practices, particularly a loss of winter stubbles and improved grain storage. This deprives the birds of valuable food sources.
The reasons for decline in urban sparrow populations aren't fully understood. There is evidence that less suitable foraging habitat, fewer nesting sites and increased cat predation all play a part.
Although house sparrows are one of the most common birds people see in gardens in the UK, urban populations are declining dramatically. Numbers in London have fallen by as much as 71% since 1995. Image © David Mitchell via Wikimedia Commonsopens in a new window, licensed under CC BY 2.0opens in a new window
House sparrow populations in Scotland and Wales have increased, but numbers in England continue to decline. These birds are now red-listed as a species of high conservation concern.
Conservation efforts are underway and researchers continue to try to identify the causes of urban sparrow decline.
House sparrows have been known to pluck feathers from live pigeons to line their nests with.
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