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What happens to frogs and dragonflies when their pond disappears?
Natural ponds come and go. They fill up when it's wet and empty when it's dry. Pond wildlife has learnt to live in these changeable worlds in remarkable ways.
Life can thrive in temporary ponds, human-made ponds and even ghost ponds, places where life remembers a pond long disappeared.
As we remodel and restore our pond at the Museum as part of our new Urban Nature Project garden, it's a great time to explore the bust and boom of pond life.
Wildlife quickly moves into a pond
Ponds can form everywhere. From a small puddle to a bend of a river stretching out in heavy rain. When a space fills up with water, nature quickly moves in.
The first to move into a pond are usually aquatic plants such as water starwort, then insects such as water boatmen, pond skaters, whirligig beetles and great diving beetles. Other creatures might then arrive, such as leeches, frogs, dragonflies and ducks.
For some of this pond life, a temporary home suits their needs. Frogs and newts find temporary ponds a welcome place to breed and thrive without their eggs being eaten by more established life, such as predatory fish.
UK Biodiversity Training Manager at the Museum, Steph Holt, says, 'A network of temporary ponds can be very important for the survival of some freshwater species, and some can only thrive in a habitat with multiple temporary ponds.'
And just because a pond is temporary, this doesn’t mean it's not old. A temporary pond might fill and empty over time. In the UK, some glacial ponds or depressions that temporarily fill with water at certain times are thought to be more than 8,000 years old.
A palmate newt on the move © Stephan Morris/ Shutterstock
How does wildlife find a new pond?
To make the most of a temporary pond, wildlife must be able to travel between one place and the next - but just how do they find their way to a new home?
Amphibians can explore far and wide before returning to their breeding pond each year in spring. The common frog can travel up to five hundred metres from its breeding pond. The common toad might travel further, roaming up to five kilometres. Other amphibians, such as the tiny palmate newt travel as far as nineteen kilometres to occupy a new pond.
Using their wings, it's easier for insects such as the great diving beetle, mayflies and dragonflies to find a new place to live. A caddisfly is known to fly as far as five kilometres to a new location.
The smaller inhabitants of a pond, such as water fleas and fairy shrimp, dry out and go dormant when a pond dries up. They can then rehydrate and clone themselves to reproduce quickly when the water returns.
Fairy shrimp rely on their pond drying up to complete their life cycle. Fairy shrimp eggs lie in the dry soils of summer, ready for the rain in autumn when they hatch within two days of their pond filling with water. © photoJS/ Shutterstock
We've moved the pond in the our gardens
We've built a new pond in our gardens as part of the Urban Nature Project. During the pond construction, a series of temporary ponds housed our pond life. There was even a 'newt spa', a smaller temporary pond for amphibians to enjoy.
Just months after the temporary pond was built, there were signs of life. You could see pond snails, water lice, leeches and flatworms making the most of their temporary home.
Much of this pond life came from the old pond in sediment, but many of the insects would have found the new pond by flying the short distance to their new home.
We have also sampled the pond for eDNA, which will give us a very good idea of what's living there.
A 'newt spa' at the museum is a place that newts can call home while we make a new pond as part of the Urban Nature Project gardens.
Where do frogs and newts go when they are not in a pond?
Amphibians, such as frogs, toads and newts, use ponds mainly for breeding. They spend the rest of their time hunting in damp, earthy places.
Amphibian eggs and tadpoles can only survive in water, but outside of the breeding season, or if the pond dries up, amphibians can happily forage, hunt and shelter on land.
Steph says, 'UK amphibian species will feed on a wide range of invertebrates and provided their skin remains damp, they can be found hunting in leaf litter and under hedges, and sheltering under logs, rocks and even plant pots.'
Over winter, UK amphibians hibernate. They require earthy habitats to do this. Called hibernacula, these underground chambers will remain damp but not flooded and protect the amphibians from freezing. Large piles of logs, stones, or even leaves are perfect for this.
Common toads don't spend too much of their time in a pond, they only return to their pond to breed © Martin Gillman/ Shutterstock
Ponds in cities and towns encourage biodiversity
Ponds in cities and towns are important homes for many conservation species, such as the common frog.
Urban ponds tend to have less species living in them than rural ponds, unless they have been planted with a diverse range of plants. Urban ponds also tend to include more non-native species. But their value in increasing biodiversity is still important. By bringing more invertebrate life into urban spaces, ponds provide an important source of food to other species such as bats and birds, as well as, of course, an important source of drinking water for wildlife.
A network of ponds in an urban environment is a great way to harbour and nourish biodiversity.
A brown hawker dragonfly rests on a log. © Robyn-May/ Shutterstock
Ghost ponds
Pond life has a long memory. In places where a pond existed - even decades before, plant seeds lie dormant in the soil, ready for a time when water will return.
These places are called a ghost ponds, and they exist in spots where ponds have been filled in. This can happen as the landscape is developed and changed, often to make way for agriculture. There are less than a quarter of the ponds that were in the UK at the start of the twentieth century.
Restoring these ponds, as well as making new ponds and temporary ponds is vital for giving wildlife places to live and thrive.
